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<P>
<B>INTRANATIONAL POLITICAL INTERACTIONS</B>
<P>
<B>CONFLICT SCALE</B>
<P>
September 12, 1995
<P>
<B>1. Mildly negative statements (verbal or printed) about other
parties, their representatives, proposals, or activities. No action
threatened or implied.</B> 
<P>
<B>101. </B>Negative statements, verbal or printed, directed at
specific actors or specific policies/activities. 
<P>
<B>102.</B> Calls for reform activities; appeals for support or
liberalization; calls for a ceasing of opposition activities with
no threat of violence.
<P>
<B>103.</B> Appeals to foreign actors to criticize domestic actors.
<P>
<B>104.</B> Failure to meet, canceling planned meeting with explicit
political justification.
<P>
<B>105.</B> Denying a request.
<P>
<B>109.</B> Other negative statements.
<P>
<B>2. <I>Strongly </I>negative statements representing implicit
or explicit threats. </B>
<P>
<B>201.</B> Threats directed at particular actors/policies. (<I>e.g.,
rumors/threats of a coup; death threats; calls for a vote of no-confidence
in parliament; calls for strikes, economic boycotts, or for supporters
to stockpile/take up arms; rumors of threatening action; failed
plots; formal investigations.)</I>
<P>
<B>202.</B> Rejection of proposals for reform/change. (e.g., <I>government
rejects opposition proposals for reform, democratization; opposition
rejects government compromise; reaching deadlock in negotiations.)</I>
<P>
<B>203.</B> Appeals for foreign action/interventions.
<P>
<B>209.</B>  Other 200 level events.
<P>
<B>3.</B> <B>Non-violent protests, demonstrations, or strikes
with political intent.  Minor restrictions on political and economic
participation. </B> <B>Legal actions protesting leadership or
policies.</B>  
<P>
<B>301.</B> Non-violent protests and other non-violent conflictual
political actions. (<I>e.g., sit ins; hunger strikes; self-imposed
political exiles; legislators' political refusal to take seats;
executive veto; political elite's resignation for political reasons.)</I>
<P>
<B>302.</B> Non-violent political strikes.<I> (e.g., student strikes;
labor strikes for political reasons; general strikes; boycotting
local elections.)</I>
<P>
<B>303.</B> Individual restrictions on free speech/free press/individual
action. <I>(e.g., closing a newspaper; confiscation of anti-regime
propaganda; fines or other restrictions on papers.)</I>
<P>
<B>304. </B>Legal actions to increase power/mobilize resources.<I>
(e.g., additional police; military call-ups; placing of forces;
abolishing social welfare programs; imposing draft/conscription;
mobilizing significant political figures to join a group;  formation
of a united front; creating new groups or organizations; filing
a lawsuit for political reasons; bringing opponents to trial;
firing striking workers.)</I>
<P>
<B>305.</B> Vote of confidence won by incumbent.
<P>
<B>306.</B> Executive adjustment <I>(Replacement of Cabinet Officials.)</I>
<P>
<B>307.</B> Judicial Decision (conflict for loser).
<P>
<B>309.</B> Other 300 level events.
<P>
<B>4. </B> <B>Minor political violence and more significant restrictions
on political and economic participation. Legal actions by elites
undermining governance</B>. 
<P>
<B>401.</B> Riots, violent demonstrations: property damage, but
no deaths.
<P>
<B>402.</B> Police violence in response to protest or riots, no
deaths.
<P>
<B>403.</B> Suicide protests.  
<P>
<B>404.</B> Major national strikes; boycotting national elections.
<P>
<B>405.</B> Acts of intimidation that are not life threatening
and brief in duration. <I>(e.g., physical coercion to intimidate
member(s) of other groups; abductions which last less than 24
hours.)</I>
<P>
<B>406.</B> Minor restrictions on political/economic participation.
<I>(e.g., enacting new laws restricting freedom of speech and
association; closing universities, schools, or public facilities
for political reasons; short term restrictions on travel and internal
movement; or widespread media censorship.)</I>
<P>
<B>407.</B> Failure to form a ruling coalition in legislature.
<P>
<B>408.</B> Interbranch conflict.<I> (e.g., judiciary overrules
executive, legislature overturns veto, executive refuses  to implement
legislation.)</I>
<P>
<B>409.</B> Other 400 level protests and restrictions on political
participation.
<P>
<B>5.</B> <B>General restrictions on political and economic participation,
and political violence.  Legal actions ending tenure of ruling
group.  Illegal attempts at restricting rival power.</B>
<P>
<B>501.</B> General restrictions on political participation.<I>
(e.g., declaring curfews; complete censorship.)</I>
<P>
<B>502.</B> Illegal actions to increase coercive power/mobilize
coercive resources. <I>(e.g., creating private militia, military
wings for opposition groups/parties; robbing banks or kidnapping
for ransom; secret trials.)</I>
<P>
<B>503.</B> Actions to limit opposition activities or restrictions
on political groups/individuals.<I> (e.g., arrests of rival elites
or mass arrests/detentions; deporting individual dissidents; police
raids of rival headquarters; reshuffling of the military; outlawing
political parties; dissolving labor unions; forbidding public
gatherings.)</I>
<P>
<B>504.</B> Riot with 10 or fewer deaths; police violence in response
to protest or riot involving deadly force and/or ten or fewer
deaths.
<P>
<B>505.</B><I> </I>Violent political acts. <I>(e.g., bombings
of nonhuman targets; sabotage; hijacking of planes or buses with
political demands; political kidnappings</I>; <I>shootings with
no deaths; seizing territory temporarily with limited violence
(no deaths).)</I>
<P>
<B>506.</B> Legal actions ending tenure of ruling group.  <I>(e.g.,
vote of confidence lost by incumbent; coalition collapse; impeachment.)</I>
<P>
<B>507.</B> Violating a cease fire.
<P>
<B>509.</B> Other 500 level political violence or restrictions.
<P>
<B>6.  Illegal attempts at ending tenure of ruling group or extra
legal violent activities. </B>
<P>
<B>601.</B> Temporary restrictions or bans on fundamental freedoms.
<I>(e.g., imposing regional states of emergency or total curfews
with the constitution retained.)</I>
<P>
<B>602.</B> Riot or police violence in response to protest or
riot involving 11-99 deaths. 
<P>
<B>603.</B> Breaking a truce.
<P>
<B>604.</B> Armed attacks with 15 or fewer deaths; bombings of
human targets.
<P>
<B>605.</B> Unsuccessful assassination attempt.
<P>
<B>606.</B> Political convictions.
<P>
<B>607.</B> Capturing adversary's troops.
<P>
<B>608.</B> Extra legal activities threatening elites or preventing
opponent's activities. <I>(e.g., barracks uprisings, minor coup
attempts (less than 10 dead), reports of disappearances.)</I>
<P>
<B>609.</B> Other 600 level political violence or restrictions.
<P>
<B>7.</B>  <B>Extensive political violence.</B>
<P>
<B>701.</B> Major rioting or government violence in response to
protest or riot involving hundreds of deaths.
<P>
<B>702.</B> Political assassinations/executions of significant
figures. <I>(includes extra legal armed attacks by state against
political leaders or death squad activity.)</I>
<P>
<B>703.</B> Declaration of a nation-wide state of emergency that
is temporary and most of constitution remains in effect. 
<P>
<B>704.</B> Military clash, raid, or ambush, with both sides armed.
<P>
<B>705.</B> Violent unsuccessful coup attempt (<I>greater than
9 dead).</I>
<P>
<B>706.</B> Nonviolent coup that only rotates rulers <I>(i.e.,
does not alter structure of government)</I>.
<P>
<B>707.</B> Breaking a peace treaty, renewing hostilities.
<P>
<B>708.</B>  Armed attack on unarmed group involving 16-30 deaths.
<P>
<B>709.</B> Other 700 level political violence or restrictions.
<P>
<B>8.  Changing the structure of government or very high levels
of political violence. </B>
<P>
<B>801.</B> Ending normal governmental policy/decision making
process. <I>(e.g., executive suspension of legislature; legislature's
suspension of executive power; abolition of civil courts; voiding
the results of an election.)</I>
<P>
<B>802.</B> Nonviolent coup that alters the structure of government
<I>(less than 10 dead).</I>
<P>
<B>803.</B> Violent coup that only rotates rulers <I>(i.e., does
not alter structure of government).</I>
<P>
<B>804.</B> Forced relocation of population into protective villages
under the control of the government.
<P>
<B>805.</B> Massacre of civilians <I>(more than 30 dead)</I>.
<P>
<B>806.</B> Rebel occupation of territory that lasts longer than
24 hrs.
<P>
<B>809.</B> Other 800 level political violence or restrictions.
<P>
<B>9.  Societal upheaval.</B>
<P>
<B>901.</B> Rebels setting up rival government.
<P>
<B>902.</B> Declaration of martial law.
<P>
<B>903.</B> Forced expulsion of portions of the population <I>(i.e.,
they leave the country as refugees)</I>.
<P>
<B>904.</B> Violent coup that alters the structure of government.
<P>
<B>909.</B> Other 900 level political violence or restrictions.
<P>
<B>10.</B>  <B> Civil war.</B>
<P>
<B>1001.</B> Genocidal/Politicidal action <I>(i.e.,</I> <I>executions
of hundreds of members of an ethnic/ political group)</I>.
<P>
<B>1002.</B> Major battle <I>(defending territory with conventional
military tactics and weaponry with many deaths).</I>
<P>
<B>1003.</B> Violent coup followed by purge <I>(government structure
altered and many former government leaders executed)</I>. 
<P>
<B>1009.</B> Other 1000 level political violence or restrictions.
  
<P>
<B>INTRANATIONAL POLITICAL INTERACTIONS</B>
<P>
<B>COOPERATION SCALE</B>
<P>
September 12, 1995
<P>
<B>1.  Mildly positive statements, verbal or printed, about other
parties, their proposals, or activities.  No action promised.</B>
<P>
<B>101.</B> Statements of support.
<P>
<B>102.</B> Appeals to foreign actors for support of other domestic
actors.
<P>
<B>103.</B> Proposals for action.<I> (e.g., requesting support;
presenting conditions for negotiation or peace.)</I>
<P>
<B>109.</B> Other 100 level events.
<P>
<B>2.  Strongly positive statements about other parties, their
representatives, proposals, or activities.  Implied or literal
promises of action.</B>
<P>
<B>201.</B> Promises directed at particular actors. 
<P>
<B>202.</B> Promises designed to end dispute.
<P>
<B>203.</B> Talks/meetings between groups that have not consistently
cooperated in the past (groups that have not been engaged in a
protracted conflict).
<P>
<B>209.</B> Other 200 level events.
<P>
<B>3. Minor cooperative actions.</B>
<P>
<B>301. </B>Relaxing individual restrictions on free speech/free
press/individual action.
<P>
<B>302.</B> Agreeing to minor reform. <I>(e.g., ousting corrupt
officials; agreeing to investigate war crimes/human rights violations;
social welfare program concessions.)</I>
<P>
<B>303.</B> Actions carrying out promises to end minor disputes.
<P>
<B>304. </B>Agreements  between groups that have not consistently
cooperated in the past (groups that have not been engaged in a
protracted conflict).
<P>
<B>305. </B>Judicial decision (cooperation for winner).
<P>
<B>306.</B> Helping another group to mobilize resources/gain political
advantage. <I>(e.g., government rewriting electoral law to advantage
one party; raising money/support for a group; regime support demonstrations.)</I>
<P>
<B>309.</B> Other 300 level events.
<P>
<B>4.  Agreements to attempt to settle protracted conflict or
relaxing minor restrictions.</B>
<P>
<B>401.</B> Relaxing minor restrictions on political/economic
freedom. <I>(e.g., relaxing travel &amp; movement restrictions;
reopening universities; relaxing widespread censorship; ending
local curfew.)</I>
<P>
<B>402.</B> Agreements to talk, planning a meeting, or reports
of  talks between parties to a protracted social conflict. <I>(e.g.,
secret negotiations, dialogue through a third party, meetings
of minor officials, exchange of position papers/ideas.)</I> 
<P>
<B>409.</B> Other 400 level events.
<P>
<B>5.  Relaxing government sanctions or actions designed to mitigate
protracted conflict.</B>
<P>
<B>501.</B> Relaxing government sanctions. <I>(e.g., releasing
arrested or detained individuals; relaxing complete censorship.)</I>
<P>
<B>502.</B> Cease fire <I>(single event, day, or battle)</I>.

<P>
<B>503. </B>Releasing hostages.
<P>
<B>504. </B>Agreements/proposals designed to overcome protracted
conflict.  (<I>e.g., party in power introducing legislation to
open political system; suffrage/land reform; agreeing to allow
elections to be held; agreeing to consider granting relative autonomy.</I>)
<P>
<B>505.</B> Talks or negotiations between parties to a protracted
social conflict.
<P>
<B>506. </B>Small scale/individual surrender of rebels.  
<P>
<B>509.</B> Other 500 level events.
<P>
<B>6. Reforms; relaxing major restrictions; truces.</B>
<P>
<B>601.</B> Relaxation of major repressive activities.  (e.g.,<I>
ending ban or restrictions on fundamental freedoms; ending regional
state of emergency; ending total curfew; releasing political prisoners;
granting amnesty to political leaders; allowing exiled leaders
to return; legalizing banned political groups; returning expropriated
property; establishing the rights of minorities/individuals.)</I>
<P>
<B>602.</B> Truce. <I>(e.g., agreement to halt hostilities indefinitely
or for a period of negotiation; renouncing the armed struggle.)</I>
<P>
<B>603.</B> Implementing policy reform.  <I>(e.g., making taxes
more equitable; adjusting social welfare programs; instituting
land reform; setting a date for national elections; holding minor
elections; allowing opposition parties to take power following
election;  staging a trial of previous leaders or human rights
violators.)</I>
<P>
<B>609.</B> Other 600 level events.
<P>
<B>7. Substantial agreements.</B>
<P>
<B>701.</B> Ending nationwide state of emergency.
<P>
<B>702. </B>Convening a commission to write new constitution (multiple
parties/groups involved).
<P>
<B>703.</B> Peace treaties.
<P>
<B>704. </B>Holding major national elections without full participation.
<P>
<B>709.</B> Other 700 level events.
<P>
<B>8. Conflict Termination:  The parties agree to terminate the
internal war but do not create new institutions for managing the
underlying conflict. </B>
<P>
<B>801.</B> Holding elections under old constitution in which
all parties to the conflict participate.
<P>
<B>802.</B> Reestablishing civil society - constitution, parliament,
courts, judicial process.
<P>
<B>803.</B> Ending martial law.
<P>
<B>804.</B> Ratifying/passing new constitution. 
<P>
<B>805.</B> Territorial withdrawal (rebels relinquishing territory
after a peace treaty).
<P>
<B>809. </B>Other 800 level events.
<P>
<B>9. Conflict Settlement: The internal war is terminated and
the underlying conflict settled as a consequence of the construction
of institutions that will manage future conflict.</B>
<P>
<B>901.</B> Implementing new constitution that guarantees political
and civil rights to all participants in the conflict or one that
grants autonomy to specific groups.
<P>
<B>902. </B>Election contested under new constitution with full
participation.  
<P>
<B>909.</B> Other 900 level events.
<P>
<B>10.</B> <B>Conflict Resolution.</B> 
<P>
<B>1001. </B>The internal war is terminated because the underlying
conflict is resolved such that each party's needs are guaranteed.
<P>
<B>1009.</B> Other 1000 level events.
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